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Beranda / Impact Assessment of Beef Cattle Fattening in Ethiopia

Impact Assessment of Beef Cattle Fattening in Ethiopia

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1. Introduction

Ethiopia has the largest livestock population in Africa that has been contributing a considerable portion to the economic system of the country and notwithstanding promising potential for the economic development of the land. A written report by Behnke and Metaferia (2011) indicated that the livestock sector contributes about 47% to the Agricultural Gross Domestic Product (AGDP), including budgetary values and not-marketed services (traction and manure) in Ethiopia. Hence, livestock remains a pillar for food security, human nutrition, and the economic growth of the canton (Shapiro et al., 2015).

In developing countries including Ethiopia, demand for human being foods of beast origin is increasing from time to time due to human population growth, rise in income, and urbanization (Thornton, 2010) which could be seen as an opportunity to do good from the livestock sector. However, the contribution of the Ethiopian livestock resources to human being nutrition and export earning of the country is disproportionately low due to the poor productivity of the animals as compared to the regional and continental boilerplate (Behnke & Metaferia, 2011). This is mainly due to the low quality and insufficient feed supply (Gebremedhin et al., 2007).

Nowadays, cattle fattening is condign an important livestock farming action especially in urban and peri-urban areas of the land (Halala, 2015). At that place are large numbers of smallholder farmers engaged in livestock fattening activities (Woldu, 2004). The growing population, urbanization, and economic growth are contributing to the growing demand for livestock, and livestock products particularly meat is one of the master products from cattle fattening in Ethiopia (Halala, 2015).

However, the potential of cattle fattening in these systems has not been fully utilized for several reasons including a lack of appropriate data and inputs. Understanding the system could help devise possible solutions and means. In this regard, several research activities have been carried out elsewhere in Ethiopia (Abebe & Urge, 2014; Ahmed et al., 2016, 2017). However, the system is variable based on the resources available like feeds and feeding, the breeds, market place accessibility. The urban and peri-urban beef cattle production system is immerging recently (FAO, 2019). Therefore, it is essential to generate information regarding urban and peri-urban cattle fattening practices and evaluate the fattening performance of local cattle types for a specific locality. This study was, therefore, conducted to assess the cattle fattening practices, describe the potential and challenge of the sector, and evaluate the fattening performances of the animals by pocket-sized-scale cattle fatteners in and around Dangila boondocks.

2. Materials and methods

two.1. Description of the study surface area

The study was conducted in Dangila district that is found in Awi authoritative zone of the Amhara National Regional State (Effigy one). Dangila is located forth the main road from Addis Ababa to Bahir Dar about 485 km northwest of Addis Ababa (land capital) and 78 km from Bahir Dar, the regional uppercase (DTAADO, 2018, unpublished). Geographically, the area is located between xi° 18ʹ North breadth and 36° 57ʹ E longitudes and information technology lies at an altitude of 2200 one thousand a.southward.50. The mean annual rainfall and temperature are 1576 mm and 17°C, respectively (DTAADO, 2018, unpublished).

Figure 1. Map of the study area

The major crops that grow in Dangila district are maize, teff, wheat, millet, and potatoes (DTAADO, 2018, unpublished). According to Dangila boondocks Agriculture and Evolution Part (2018), the almanac written report indicates that it has full livestock population of 162,877 cattle, 71,996 sheep and goats, 15,032 Equines, 115,144 craven, and 14,350 bee colonies.

2.2. Sampling procedure and sample size

The sampling frame in this written report was designed based on households who are currently fattening at to the lowest degree one cattle. Hence, all the registered urban fatteners were sampled using a complete enumeration technique since the number of urban fatteners was manageable. For the peri-urban fatteners, a random sampling technique was practical due to the presence of a big number of cattle fatteners. Every bit a outcome, in peri-urban kebeles, the sample size (n) was determined using the formula recommended by Yamane (1967),

n = Due north 1 + North e ii , where: north = the sample size, N = the population size, and e = the level of precision. Accordingly, a total of 200 cattle fatteners (xl urban and 160 peri-urban) were selected and interviewed.

2.three. Information source and information collection method

The survey data were nerveless from both primary and secondary data sources. A semi-structured survey questionnaire was used to collect data on household characteristics, blazon, and breeds of fattening cattle, feeding, and direction aspects of fattening cattle. A monitoring activity was carried out to collect data on the weight change of fattening cattle. Body weight was taken at the kickoff, in the middle of the fattening activity, and finally at the end earlier the animals were sold out. A middle girth meter was used for weight measurement. The centre girth was measured after overnight fasting early in the morning before feeding. Average daily weight proceeds (ADWG) was calculated from initial and final body weight as:-

A D Westward 1000 = F B W − I B West T o t a l f a t t e n i n grand d a y s , where: FBW—Final body weight; IBW—initial torso weight.

ii.4. Data management and statistical data assay

All collected survey information were coded and entered into a database using Statistical Package for Social Science for Windows version 20 (SPSS, 2011). Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, range, standard difference, and means were used to present the outcome. Data on IBW, FBW, and ADWG were analyzed using the General Linear Model Procedure of Statistical Packet for Social Science (SPSS 20) (SPSS, 2000). Production systems (urban and peri-urban) and weight groups (pocket-size, medium, big) were used as stock-still effects. Weight groups were categorized based on initial body weight equally Minor (Mean–SD); Medium (Mean±SD); and Large (Hateful+SD).

The model used for the analysis was: Y i j = μ + P i + W j + ε i j

Where: Yij = Response variables (IBW, FBW, and ADWG)

μ = Overall mean

Pi = the effect of the ith production system effect (two = Peri-urban, Urban)

Wj = the effect of the jth weight grouping (3 = pocket-size, medium, big)

εij = random fault

An index was also calculated to provide a ranking of the major feed resources, beefiness cattle selection criteria, and beef cattle fattening constraints using a rank index formula based on the method by Musa et al. (2006).

R a northward k i n d e x = ( R n ∗ C 1 + R n − 1 ∗ C 2 … . + R one ∗ C n ) ∑ ( R n ∗ C ane + R northward − 1 ∗ C two … . + R ane ∗ C n ) ; where: Rn = Value of the least rank of constraint; Cnorth = Counted value of the to the lowest degree ranked level, (Rnorthward *C1 + Rn-1 *Cii … . +R1 *Cn) = *∑ = weighted summation of each constraints.

3. Result and discussion

3.1. Household characteristics

The mean family unit size and age of the households in the study area are shown in Table 1. The average family size per household (5.15 ± 1.41) was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in peri-urban than in the urban production system (3.83 ± 1.32 vs. 5.49 ± ane.23). College family size in the peri-urban area could be an opportunity in relation to labor for cattle fattening practices. The overall family unit size in this report area was comparable with other reports by Ahmed et al. (2016) in Dessie and Kombolcha town. The mean age of household heads was 38.04 ± 8.01 years to which there was no difference between fattening systems (Table 1).

Tabular array 1. Socio-economic characteristics of cattle fattening households in the urban and peri-urban districts of Dangila district

The hateful cattle fattening experiences of respondent farmers were 4.36 ± three.03 years to which fatteners in the peri-urban area had longer (four.63 ± 3.17 years) feel of fattening cattle than the urban ones (3.3 ± ii.08 years) (Table ane). This indicates that cattle fattening in the study area is a newly emerging agricultural activity and at its infant phase.

Well-nigh of the households in the written report area completed their primary schoolhouse (42.0%) followed by those who completed high school (23.0%), Table 2. The educational level of the cattle fattener households could accept positive implications in identifying and determining the blazon of development and extension service approaches. Ahmed et al. (2017), described a similar level of education for the HH heads who participated in cattle fattening practices in Dessie and Kombolcha town.

Table two. Educational level and major income sources of cattle fattening households in the urban and peri-urban areas of Dangila commune

The major household income in the study area was identified as ingather and livestock product (78.v%), small-scale trade (xix%), and livestock production (2.5%), Table ii. This consequence was in agreement with the finding of Tadesse (2018) who reported that the major sources of household income (96.3%) were from crop and livestock production in Due west Hararghe Zone.

iii.2. Cattle fattening practices

The majority (86.five%) of the respondents used the local market to go their fattening cattle followed by those who raised at home (13.v%), Figure ii. This is common in the mixed crop-livestock production systems of Ethiopia (Tadesse, 2018); however, information technology disagrees with the finding of Teshager et al. (2013) who reported that the bulk (62.eight%) of respondents obtained fattening cattle from their herd in Ilu Aba Bora Zone.

Figure two. Illustration of the source cattle for fattening in urban and peri-urban areas of Dangila district

Most of the cattle fatteners preferred matured (66%) and intact (65%) oxen followed by old oxen (20.5%) and castrated (35%) animals (Figure 3, Table 3). In the urban system, all the fatteners used intact bulls. Intact mature bulls are preferred, which might be due to their amend weight proceeds efficiency and demand in the marketplace as compared to other groups. Recently, there is a shift from castrating animals to fatten animals to get lean meat (Gebremichael et al., 2017; Tadesse, 2018). Notwithstanding, in the peri-urban system, there were farmers who used old (25.6%) and castrate (43.eight%) cattle for fattening. The reason for this might exist the source of the animals might be how grown after they use the animals for typhoon power. Like to this, Demisse (2016) reported that the bulk (86.7%) of fatteners in Bonke district used castrated cattle.

Figure 3. The preferred historic period of cattle for fattening in urban and peri-urban areas of Dangila district

Table 3. Castration condition, duration of fattening, and credit access for cattle fattening in urban and peri-urban areas of Dangila district

The majority of fatteners (index = 0.485) consider the trunk frame and condition of the animal followed by wellness status (index = 0.162) to buy for fattening (Table 4). This effect was in understanding with the finding of Demisse (2016) and Ayalew et al. (2019) who reported that the selection criteria for fattening cattle were frame size of animals ranked start in Bonke district and Gonder town, respectively. Like to this event, Anteneh et al. (2010) reported that well-nigh all traders in Amhara region of Federal democratic republic of ethiopia do not take coat color as criteria for the selection of fattening animals.

Table iv. Selection criteria for purchasing fattening cattle in urban and peri-urban areas of Dangila district

Season is an important gene to fatten cattle from unlike perspectives of feed availability and temperature (Figure iv). The majority (75%) of the fatteners prefer to commencement the fattening operation in October and finalize it in December. This was due to the seasonal pattern of feed availability, suitable ecology condition, and amend market demand due to the main holidays (Ethiopian charismas). Scholars reported a similar effect (Mulu, 2009).

Effigy 4. Suitable seasons for Cattle fattening in the written report area

In the written report area, fatteners use different duration of fattening to which the majority (56%) of them feed cattle for 3 months followed past for 4 months (26.5%), Table 5. This agrees with the extension package in the region and the finding of Mekuria (2016) who reported that the durations for the fattening end was usually 3 months (83.33%) in North-Western Ethiopia. However, Teshager et al. (2013) reported a minimum of iv months of duration of cattle fattening in Ilu Aba Bora Zone of Oromia regional state.

Table v. Credit service and direction of fattening cattle in urban and peri-urban areas of Dangila district

The average number fattening cattle (2.24 ± 2.74, with a range of ii–30 cattle) per bicycle (Table one) was larger (p < 0.001) in the urban organization (4.35 ± 5.45 vs 1.71 ± 0.88). This might exist because of the resources availability (e.one thousand., credit service) and most of the fattening activities from the peri-urban are sideline activities. The outcome indicates, in both the systems, the cattle fattening practices are categorized under the small-scale cattle fattening category.

The majority (80.5%) of the respondents reported that they practise not have access to credit service; only a small-scale number (19.5) of them take access to credit from ASCI for cattle fattening. The current finding was like to the results of Demisse (2016) in Bonke district.

Based on the survey result, stall feeding (76.5%) and grazing with stall feedings (23.v%) were the two types of feeding practices identified (Table vi). In the urban product arrangement, all the respondents practiced stall feeding, whereas nearly 30% of the respondents use grazing and stall feeding. This might be due to the availability of grazing land in the peri-urban expanse. Similar results have been reported in southern Ethiopia (Wolde et al., 2014).

Tabular array 6. Major feed resource used for cattle fattening in urban and peri-urban areas of Dangila commune

The feeding systems identified do not consider the torso weight of animals (Table 6), and the majority (80.5%) of the respondents fed their fauna twice a day, while the rest (nineteen.5%) provide 3 and in a higher place times a 24-hour interval. A similar event was reported by Fekadu et al. (2017) that fatteners in Gonder town practice not consider body weight when providing the feed.

The major type of water resource for the fattening animate being in the written report area was Manus Well h2o pipe (48%) followed by jump (27%) water. The majority of the respondents (78.0%) provide h2o to their animals once per day. This study was in line with the finding of Beyene and Fufi (2017) who reported that the main water source for the fattening cattle was well h2o in Hurogudoro Wellega Zone. Ahmed et al. (2016), reported that more than half and the majority of peri-urban cattle fatteners in Dessie and Kombolcha areas, respectively, provided water once per day.

Virtually (92.5%) of the respondent farmers employ a separately constructed house for their fattening animals (Table 6). A similar result on housing fattening cattle was previously reported elsewhere in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia (Beyene & Fufi, 2017; Demisse, 2016; Mulu, 2009).

3.3. Live weight alter of fattening cattle in the study area

The mean initial body weight (291.433 ± 0.54; Table 7) of fattening animals was significantly dissimilar between the production systems (285.92 ± 1.56 vs. 296.ii ± 1.103 kg in peri-urban and urban fattening systems, respectively). The college initial body weight in the urban fatteners might be due to the fact that those fatteners prefer to purchase large body framed animals with good body condition at the outset for fattening, whereas in the peri-urban, fatteners may include some of their domicile-born animals (Figure 2).

Table 7. The trunk weight changes of fattening cattle in urban and peri-urban areas of Dangila district

The mean final body weight of fattening cattle in the urban and peri-urban areas of Dangila district is presented in Table 5. The initial torso weight group significantly affected (p < 0.05) the final body weight that large body weight group (376.798 ± 3.07) outweighed the medium and light weight groups. The mean daily body weight gain observed (0.69 ± 0.014) was significantly different between the production systems that animals in the urban fattening system (0.74 ± 0.14 kg) gained significantly (P < 0.001) college weight than the peri-urban fattening arrangement (0.65 ± 0.02 kg), might exist because of the better concentrate feed supply for fattening animals in the urban production system. Demisse (2016) and Ahmed et al. (2016) reported a similar daily weight proceeds in Bonke commune, and Dessie & Kombolcha towns, respectively.

3.four. Challenges of beef cattle fattening

The major challenges of cattle fattening in the urban and peri-urban production systems of Dangila district are presented in Table 8. In the peri-urban areas, the major challenges were feed shortage in terms of availability and cost (index = 0.331) followed by the country shortage (index = 0.245). In the urban areas, feed shortage (alphabetize = 0.290) and lack of initial capital (index = 0.246) were the major challenges facing fattening households in Dangila districts. The result from the study agrees with previous studies (Ahmed et al., 2016; Anteneh et al., 2010; Demisse, 2016; Mulu, 2009) who found that cattle fattening in Ethiopia is challenged due to inadequate feed supply, shortage of beast feed (feed scarcity and quality deterioration of the feed during dry flavour), and high feed price, poor quality and depression availability of feed resources.

Table viii. Ranking of major challenges of beef cattle fattening in urban and peri-urban areas of Dangila district

3.5. Conclusion

The cattle fattening arrangement in Dangila district is immerging every bit a business. The written report revealed that in that location is a difference in the fattening systems betwixt the urban and peri-urban systems. In general, the fattening system is based on small number of animals which might be due to lack of credit admission. The urban fatteners prefer to utilise large body framed animals with skilful trunk condition which helped them attain larger body weight animals. The peri-urban system by and large depends on roughage feed which in turn prolonged the fattening elapsing, while the urban depends on concentrate feed. Feed shortage in terms of availability and cost is the almost of import constraint in the district. Therefore, cattle fatteners should get the proper communication on animal pick and elapsing of fattening, feeding, and accessibility to credit service.

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Source: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311932.2021.1963028

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